The Sonoran Desert Toad

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Bufo alvarius
Venom Bibliography:

Allen, E. Ross and Neill, Wilfred T. 1956. Effect of Marine Toad Toxins on Man. Herpetologica 12:150-151.

Cannon, M.S. and J.R. Hostetler. 1975. The Anatomy of the Parotoid Gland in Bufonidae with Some Histochemical Findings - Bufo alvarius. Journal of Morphology 148:137-159.

Cei, Jose M., Vittorio Erspamer, and M. Roseghini. 1972. Biogenic Amines. In Evolution of the Genus Bufo, edited by W. Frank Blair, pp. 233-243. University of Texas Press, Austin.

Daly, John, and Bernhard Witkop 1971. Chemistry and Pharmacology of Frog Venoms. In Venomous Vertebrates, edited by Wolfgang Bucherl and Eleanor buckley, pp. 497-519. Venomous Animals and Their Venoms, vol. 2. Academic Press, New York.

Davis, Wade, and Andrew Weil. 1992. Identity of a New World Psychoactive Toad. Ancient Mesoamerica 3 (1): 51-59. Abstract and excepts.

Davis, Wade, and Andrew Weil. 1994. Bufo alvarius: A Potent Hallucinogen of Animal Origin. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 41 (1-2): 1-8. Abstract and excepts.

Deulofeu, Venancio, and Edmundo Ruveda. 1971. The Basic Constituents of Toad Venoms. In Venomous Vertebrates, edited by Wolfgang Bucherl and Eleanor Buckley, pp. 475-495. Venomous Animals and Their Venoms, vol. 2. Academic Press, New York.

Erspamer, V., T. Vitali, M. Roseghini, and J. M. Cei. 1965. 5-Methoxy- and 5-Hydroxy-Indolealkylamines in the Skin of Bufo alvarius. Experientia 21:504. Abstract and commentary.

Erspamer, V., T. Vitali, M. Roseghini, and J. M. Cei. 1967. 5-Methoxy- and 5-Hydroxyindoles in the Skin of Bufo alvarius. Biochemical Pharmacology 16:1149-1164. Abstract and commentary.

Gallagher, Larry. June 5, 1994. Smoking Toad. The New York Times Magazine. p.48-49.

Krajick, Kevin. June 15, 1992. Vision Quest. Newsweek p.62-63.

Lyttle. T. 1993. Misuse and legend in the "toad licking" phenomenon. International Journal of the Addictions. 28: 521-538. Short version.  

Lyttle, T., D. Goldstein, and J. Gartz. 1996. Bufo Toads and Bufotenine: Fact and Fiction Surrounding an Alleged Psychedelic. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs vol. 28 (3): 267-290. Abstract.

McBride, Michael C., B.S.Phr., R.Ph. 2000. Bufotenine: Toward an Understanding of Possible Psychoactive Mechanisms. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. July-September, 2000; 32 (3): 321-331. Abstract and commentary.

Meyer, Kuno, and Horst Linde. 1971. Collection of Toad Venoms and Chemistry of the Toad Venom Steroids. In Venomous Vertebrates, edited by Wolfgang Bucherl and Eleanor buckley, pp. 521-556. Venomous Animals and Their Venoms, vol. 2. Academic Press, New York.

Most, Albert. 1985. Bufo alvarius: The Psychedelic Toad of the Sonoran Desert.

Porter, Kenneth R., and Wendy F. Porter. 1967. Venom Comparisions and Relationships of Twenty Species of New World Toads (Genus Bufo). Copeia (2): 298-307.

Natural History Bibliography:

Degraaff, Robert M. 1991. The Book of the Toad: a natural and magical history of toad-human relations. Park Street Press, 1 Park Street, Rochester, VT 05767 

Furst, Peter. 1976a (1985). The Toad as Earth Mother: A Problem in Symbolism and Psychopharmacology. Hallucinogens and Culture. Chapter 14, pp. 158-165. - (4 pages)

Fouquette, M.J., Jr. 1970. Bufo alvarius. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, edited by William J. Riemer, American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, 93.1-93.4. Distribution map.

Fouquette, M.J., Jr. 1968. Remarks on the Type Specimen of Bufo Alvarius Girard. The Great Basin Naturalist. Vol. 28, No. 2

Girard, Charles F. 1859. Reptiles of the Boundary. In: William H. Emory, Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey, Vol.2, Part 2., p.26, pl.41, figs.1-6.

Gergus, Erik W.A., Keith B. Malmos, and Brian K. Sullivan. Natural Hybridization Among Distantly Related Toads (Bufo alvarius, Bufo cognatus, Bufo woodhousii) in Central Arizona. Copeia May, 1999; 199 (2): 281-286. Abstract.

Hanson, Joe A. and Vial, James L. 1956. Defensive Behavior and Effects of Toxins in Bufo alvarius. Herpetologica. Vol 12. pp.141-149. Excerpt.

Hill, Willie James. 1961. The developmental pattern of the Colorado River toad (Bufo alvarius Girard) from stage one through twenty.  Thesis: (M.S.)--Arizona State University, 1961--Biology. 

Low, Bobbi S. 1972. Evidence From Parotoid-Gland Secretions. In Evolution of the Genus Bufo, edited by W. Frank Blair, pp. 244-264. University of Texas Press, Austin

Rugh, Roberts. 1962. Experimental Embryology Techniques and Procedures. 4. Induced Breeding. pp.91-103. Minneapolis, Burgess Pub. Co.

Stebbins, Robert C. 1951. Amphibians of Western North America. pp.229-234. Berkeley, University of California Press.

Stebbins, Robert C. 1954. Amphibians and Reptiles of Western North America. pp.101-102, 115, 144. New York, McGraw-Hill.

Stebbins, Robert C. 1985. A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians: Field marks of all species in western North America, including Baja California. pp.68-69. Boston : Houghton Mifflin.

Sullivan, Brian K. and Philip J. Fernandez. Breeding Activity, Estimated Age-Structure, and Growth in Sonoran Desert Anurans. Herpetologica Sept. 1999; 55 (3): 334-343. Abstract.

Sullivan, Brian K. and Keith B. Malmos. Call Variation in the Colorado River Toad (Bufo alvarius): Behavioral and phylogenetic Implications. Herpetologica 1994; 50 (2) 146-156. Abstract.

Wright, Anna Allen & Albert Hazen Wright. 1933. Handbook of Frogs and Toads: the frogs and toads of the United States and Canada. pp.17, 46-47. Ithaca, N.Y., Comstock Pub. Co.

Wright, Albert Hazen & Anna Allen Wright. 1995. Handbook of Frogs and Toads of the United States and Canada. pp.135-139. Ithaca, NY : Comstock Pub. Associates.

Search History for bufo alvarius returned 24 records in BIOSIS Previews 7/2003

Search History for bufotenine returned 76 records in BIOSIS Previews 2001/04-2001/05