For decades, teenagers have found it easy to get high
without buying drugs illegally: Chug cough syrup or down a fistful
of cold tablets, cope with the vomiting or other possible side effects,
and await the hallucinations.
But in recent months, an apparent surge in abuse of dextromethorphan
(DXM), the key ingredient in some cough suppressants and cold remedies,
has sparked an unprecedented response among drug manufacturers,
pharmacists and awareness groups.
Last year, poison control centers took 3,271 calls related to the
drug -- twice the number of 2001, according to the American Association
of Poison Control Centers. Cold medicine abuse was blamed for a
handful of deaths in the past two years, several experts said.
While no precise statistics are available, a January report from
the White House's Office of National Drug Control Policy said adolescents
are "increasingly abusing" DXM, singling out Portland,
Ore., Detroit, Houston, Tampa-St. Petersburg, Fla., and Denver as
hot spots. "It's something that's been around for a long time,
but it seems to be coming back since at least 2000 among young adults,"
said Andrea Barthwell, the office's deputy director for demand reduction.
When the Phoenix Academy recently surveyed youths in its Austin,
Texas, drug rehabilitation program, it found that half the 40 teens
had misused cold medicines, with an average starting age of 11.5
years. "We've seen kids abuse over-the-counter stuff before,
but I do think there are more products out there now, and they're
much more accessible," said Laurie DeLong, the center's program
director.
Drug makers and sellers say they want to change that.
Since January, Walgreen Co., the nation's largest drugstore chain,
has limited purchases of Coricidin HBP Cough & Cold tablets
-- a DXM product known to abusers as "triple Cs" -- to
three packages per customer.
Manufacturers, meanwhile, have embarked on education efforts, changed
packaging to discourage shoplifting and even cut back on the ingredient
in some products.
"We recognize there's a role for us to play," said Mary-Fran
Faraji, spokeswoman for Schering-Plough Health Care Inc. of Kenilworth,
N.J., which makes Coricidin. Schering-Plough is distributing fact
sheets to pharmacists and parents who buy dextromethorphan products.
The guide for parents urges them to talk to their children about
drug abuse and to know their children's friends and their parents.
Wyeth Consumer Healthcare of Madison, N.J., which makes Robitussin
cough syrup, recently enlarged the packaging of its newest DXM product,
anti-cough gel tabs, while reducing the amount of the drug compared
to the bottled version, spokesman Fran Sullivan said.
State lawmakers in New York and California want to go even further,
introducing legislation that would ban sales to minors of products
containing DXM.
Meanwhile, pharmacies in some areas with reports of abuse are stocking
Coricidin and other products containing dextromethorphan behind
the counter, selling them only upon request.
Dan Kennedy, manager of a Portland pharmacy, said he took action
after hearing about problems with DXM in the area several months
ago. "There were some high schoolers who were abusing it,"
he said. "At that point, we pulled Coricidin behind the counter
and posted a sign saying that it's available with a pharmacist's
assistance."
But some pharmacists are uneasy with making the practice widespread
-- they note that more than 100 different products contain the drug.
"At a practical level, it raises a difficult set of issues,"
said Tom Holt, executive director of the Oregon State Pharmacy Association.
"Take Robitussin: It's not one product -- it's a couple of
dozen."
Heavy dextromethorphan users describe the sensation as a series
of "plateaus" that can range from a mildly stimulating
effect to a sense of being completely disassociated from their bodies.
"I thought I was a flower; I could feel myself swaying (in)
the wind," one anonymous user posted in a message to a Web
site after drinking an eight-ounce bottle of Robitussin.
Steve, a 19-year-old student in Boston, said he began taking DXM
at the urging of a classmate. He used it for two years -- usually
Coricidin and 12-hour cough syrup, washed down with Mountain Dew
soda -- before quitting.
"I can remember plenty of times I thought I would die, most
often from taking too much," said Steve, who spoke on the condition
that his last name be withheld. "DXM is tricky. You can take
a strong dose of 500 milligrams" -- around 15 tablets or six
ounces of cough syrup -- "and not feel anything for two hours,
decide to take more and before you know it, you're someplace you've
never been before and I'll tell you what, that's scary as hell."
Some avid users, however, said media accounts usually fail to mention
that the serious danger lies with cold medicine ingredients other
than dextromethorphan.
Dr. In-Hei Hahn, a medical toxicologist at St. Luke's-Roosevelt
Hospital in New York, agreed that the antihistamines and other ingredients
in cold and cough medicines with DXM can be lethal. "If you
take a large dose of DXM in a drug that contains Tylenol, the Tylenol
can cause liver failure," she said.
But, Hahn added, that doesn't mean DXM alone is harmless: "Everything
can be a poison, depending on what the dose is."
Several operators of Web sites devoted to the drug say they have
taken steps to caution curious visitors.
One, Erowid.org, groups submissions into categories ranging from
"Bad Trips" to "Mystical Experiences." The site
includes a question-and-answer section describing DXM as "a
unique and uniquely powerful mind-altering drug, and one which I
think most people would do best to avoid."
The drug "should be limited to people who are willing to use
it responsibly and in an educated manner," echoed Michael Mason,
24, of Pittsburgh, a contributor to a site called Dextroverse.
Drug-abuse experts, however, worry that Web-browsing teenagers will
ignore such advice in their quest for a new high -- especially since
some sites contain step-by-step recipes for extracting DXM from
cold and cough medicine.
The Partnership for a Drug-Free America is using the Internet to
launch a new educational effort about DXM. It has set up a site
for parents at www.drugfree.org/dxm and another for teenagers at
www.dxmstories.com.
The teen site includes a photo of a youth passed out on a couch
after vomiting, along with a cautionary essay by a former user illustrated
with a set of skulls that begins, "You gotta be sick in the
head to drink cough syrup."
Partnership spokeswoman Lisa Merchant said the site has received
more than 22,000 visits this year, a figure she called encouraging.
Merchant compared the educational push to an initiative launched
several years ago to warn about "huffing" spray paint
and other household products.
"The idea was to get information to parents to realize that
spray paint isn't something you should just keep lying around the
house," she said. "It's the same with over-the-counter
drugs."
April 16, 2004
(Chuck McCutcheon can be contacted at chuck.mccutcheon@newhouse.com)
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