THE LINDESMITH CENTER
Footnotes
From Exposing Marijuana Myths - A Review of the Scientific Evidence
1. Grinspoon, L., Marihuana Reconsidered, Cambridge: University of Harvard Press (1971);
Kaplan, J., Marijuana: The New Prohibition, New York: World Publishing Company 1970); Brecher, E.M., Licit and Illicit Drugs, Boston: Little, Brown and Company (1972).
2. U.S. National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse, Marijuana: A Signal of Misunderstanding, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office (1972); Canadian Government's Commission of Inquiry, The Non-Medical Use of Drugs: Interim Report, Ottawa (1970).
3. Himmelstein, J., The Strange Career of Marijuana: Politics and Ideology of Decriminalization
in America, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press (1983); Single, E.W., "The Impact of Marijuana Decriminalization: An Update," Journal of Public Health Policy 10:456-66 (1989).
4. Carter, W.E. (ed), Cannabis in Costa Rica: A Study of Chronic Marijuana Use, Philadelphia: Institute for Study of Human Issues (1980); Rubin, V. and Comitas, L., Ganja in Jamaica, The Hague: Mouton (1975); Stefanis, C. et al, Hashish: Studies of Long Term Use, New York: Raven Press (1977).
5. Preliminary Estimates From the 1993 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (1994).
6. Johnston, L.D. et al, Monitoring the Future, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Institute for Social Research (1994).
7. Ennett, S.T, et al, "How Effective is Drug Abuse Resistance Education? A Meta-Analysis of Project DARE Outcome Evaluations," American Journal of Public Health 84:1394-1401 (1994).
8. ElSohly, M.A. et al, "Constituents of Cannabis Sativa L XXIV: The Potency of Confiscated Marijuana, Hashish, and Hash Oil Over a Ten-year Period," Journal of Forensic Sciences 29:500-14 (1984).
9. Perry, D., "Street Drug Analysis and Drug Use Trends, Part II, 1969-1976," PharmChem Newsletter 6 (1977).
10. Rubin, V., "Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Therapeutic Uses of Cannabis," pp 1-18 in S. Cohen and R.C. Stillman (eds), The Therapeutic Potential of Marijuana, New York: Plenum Medical Book Company (1976).
11. Chang, A.E. et al, "Delta-Nine-Tetrahydrocannabinol as an Antiemetic in Cancer Patients Receiving High-Dose Methotrexate: A Prospective Randomized Evaluation, Annals of Internal Medicine 91: 819-24 (1979).
12.Hepler, R.S. and Frank, I.R., "Marijuana Smoking and Intracular Pressure," Journal of the American Medical Association 217: 1392 (1971).
13. Petro, D.J., "Marijuana as a Therapeutic Agent for Muscle Spasm or Spasticity," Psychosomatics 21: 81-85 (1980).
14. Grinspoon, L. and Bakalar, J.B, Marihuana: The Forbidden Medicine, New Haven: Yale University Press (1993).
15. Vinciguerra, V. et al, "Inhalation Marijuana as an Antiemetic for Cancer Chemotherapy," New York State Journal of Medicine 85:525-27 (1988); Dansac, D., "In the Matter of Marijuana Rescheduling Petition," Affidafit filed in Drug Enforcement Adminstration Hearings, Docket 86-22 (1987).
16. Doblin, R. and Kleiman, M.A.R., "Marijuana as an Anti-Emetic Medicine: A Survey of Oncologists' Attitudes and Experiences," Journal of Clinical Oncology 19: 1275-1290 (1991).
17. Agurell, S. et al, "Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of Delta-1-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Other Cannabinoids with Emphasis on Man," Pharmacological Reviews 38: 21-43 (1986).
18. Cohen, S., "Therapeutic Aspects," pp 194-225 in R.C. Petersen (ed) Marijuana Research Findings: 1976, Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse (1977); Cohen, S. and Stillman, R.C. (eds), The Therapeutic Potential of Marijuana, New York: Plenum Medical Book Company (1976); National Institute on Drug Abuse, Marijuana and Health, Report to Congress (1980).
19. "Members of Congress Voice Support for Marijuana/AIDS Research," Newsletter of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies 5,3 (Winter 1995).
20. Drug Enforcement Administration, Drug Legalization: Myths and Misconceptions, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice (1994).
21. Huber, G.L. et al, "The Effects of Marihuana on the Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems," pp 3-18 in G. Chesher et al (eds), Marijuana: an International Research Report, Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service (1988).
22. Tashkin, D.P. et al, "Longitudinal Changes in Respiratory Symptoms and Lung Function in Non-smokers, Tobacco Smokers, and Heavy, Habitual Smokers of Marijuana With or Without Tobacco," pp 25-36 in G. Chesher et al (eds), Marijuana: an International Research Report, Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service (1988).
23. Sherrill, D.L. et al, "Respiratory Effects of Non-Tobacco Cigarettes: A Longitudinal Study in General Population," International Journal of Epidemiology 20: 132-37 (1991).
24. Fligiel, S.E.G. et al, "Bronchial Pathology in Chronic Marijuana Smokers: A Light Electron Microscope Study," Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 20:33-42 (1988).
25. Doblin, R., "The MAPS/California NORML/Marijuana Waterpipe/Vaporizer Study," Newsletter of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies 5,1 (Summer 1994).
26. Nahas, G.G. et al, "Inhibition of Cellular Mediated Immunity in Marijuana Smokers," Science 183:419-20 (1974).
27. Lau, R.J. et al, "Phytohemagglutinin-Induced Lymphocyte Transformation in Humans Receiving Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol," Science 192: 805-07 (1976); White, S.C. et al, "Mitogen-Induced Blastogenetic Responses to Lymphocytes from Marijuana Smokers," Science 188: 71-72 (1975).
28. Wallace, J.M. et al, "Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Subpopulations and Mitogen Responsiveness in Tobacco and Marijuana Smokers," Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 20:9-14 (1988).
29. Mishkin, E.M. and Cabral, G.A., "Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Decreases Host Resistance
to Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Vaginal Infection in the BGC3F1 Mouse," Journal of General Virology 66:2539-49 (1985).
30. Carter, W.E. (ed), Cannabis in Costa Rica: A Study of Chronic Marijuana Use, Philadelphia: Institute for Study of Human Issues (1980); Rubin, V. and Comitas, L., Ganja in Jamaica, The Hague: Mouton (1975); Stefanis, C. et al, Hashish: Studies of Long Term Use, New York: Raven Press (1977).
31. Coates, R.A. et al, "Cofactors of Progression to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in a Cohort of Male Sexual Contacts of Men with Immunodeficiency Virus Disease," American Journal of Epidemiology 132: 717-22 (1990).
32. Plasse, T.F. et al, "Recent Clinical Experience with Dronabinol," Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 40:695-700 (1991).
33. Lynn, A.B. and Herkenham, M., "Localization of Cannabinoid Receptors and Nonsaturable High Density Cannabinoid Binding Sites in Peripheral Tissues of the Rat: Implications for Receptor-Mediated Immune Modulation by Cannabinoids," Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 268: 1612-23 (1994).
34. Kolodny, R.C. et al, "Depression of Plasma Testosterone Levels After Chronic Intensive Marijuana Use," New England Journal of Medicine 290:872-74 (1974).
35. Kolodny, R.C. et al, "Depression of Plasma Testosterone with Acute Marijuana Administration," pp 217-25 in M.C. Braude and S. Szara (eds), Pharmacology of Marijuana, New York: Raven Press (1976).
36. Mendelson, G.D. et al, "Plasma Testosterone Levels Before, During, and After Chronic Marijuana Smoking," New England Journal of Medicine 291:1051-55 (1975); Schaefer, C.F. et al, "Normal Plasma Testosterone Concentrations After Marijuana Smoking," New England Journal of Medicine 292:867-68 (1975).
37. Hembree, W.C. et al, "Changes in Human Spermatozoa Associated with High Dose Marijuana Smoking," pp 429-39 in G.G. Nahas and W.D.M. Paton (eds), Marijuana: Biological Effects, Oxford: Pergamon Press (1979).
38. Fijimoto, G.I. et al, "Effect of Marijuana Extract Given Orally on Male Rat Reproduction and Gonads," Proceedings of Sixth Annual Meetings of Endocrinology Society (1978); Okey, A.B. and Truant, G.S., "Cannabis Demasculinizes Rats But Is Not Estrogenic," Life Sciences 17:1113-18 (1975).
39. Block, R.I. et al, "Effects of Chronic Marijuana Use on Testosterone, Luteinizing Hormone, Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Prolactin and Cortisol in Men and Women," Drug and Alcohol Dependence 28:121-8 (1991).
40. Smith, C.G. and Asch, R.H., "Acute, Short-Term, and Chronic Effects of Marijuana on the Female Primate Reproductive Function," pp 82-96 in M.C. Braude and J.P. Ludford (eds), Marijuana Effects on the Endocrine and Reproductive Systems, Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services (1984).
41. Smith, C.G. et al, "Tolerance Develops to the Disruptive Effects of Delta 9 Tetrahydrocannabinol on the Primate Menstrual Cycle," Science 219:1453-55 (1983).
42. Copeland, K.C. et al, "Marijuana Smoking and Pubertal Arrest," Journal of Pediatrics 96:1079-80 (1980).
43. Tennes, A., "Effects of Marijuana on Pregnancy and Fetal Development in the Human," pp 115-23 in M.C. Braude and J. P, Ludford (eds), Marijuana Effects on the Endocrine and Reproductive Systems, Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services (1984).
44. Astley, S., "Analysis of Facial Shape in Children Gestationally Exposed to Marijuana, Alcohol, and/or Cocaine," Pediatrics 89:67-77 (1992); Day, N. et al, "Prenatal Marijuana Use and Neonatal Outcome," Neurotoxicology and Teratology 13:329-34 (1992); Linn, S. et al, "The Association of Marijuana Use with Outcome of Pregnancy," American Journal of Public Health 73:1161-64 (1983).
45. Hayes, J. et al, "Newborn Outcomes with Maternal Marijuana Use in Jamaican Women," Pediatric Nursing 14(2):107-10 (1988); Streissguth, A.P. et al, "IQ at Age 4 in Relation to Maternal Alcohol Use and Smoking During Pregnancy," Developmental Psychology 25: 3-11 (1989); Richardson, G.A. et al, "The Effect of Prenatal Alcohol, Marijuana and Tobacco Exposure on Neonatal Behavior," Infant Behavioral Development 12: 199-209 (1989); O'Connell, C.M. and Fried, P.A., "Prenatal Exposure to Cannabis: A Preliminary Report of Postnatal Consequences in School-Age Children," Neurotoxicology and Teratology 13: 631-39 (1991); Fried, P.A. et al, "60- and 72-Month Follow-Up of Children Prenatally Exposed to Marijuana, Cigarettes and Alcohol," Journal of Developmental Behavior and Pediatrics 13: 383-91 (1992); Dreher, M.C. et al, "Prenatal Exposure and Neonatal Outcomes in Jamaica: An Ethnographic Study," Pediatrics 93: 254-60 (1994).
46. Buckley, J.D. et al, "Occupational Exposure of Parents of Children with Acute Nonlymphocytic Leukemia: A Report from the Children's Cancer Study Group," Cancer Research 49:4030-37 (1989).
47. Fried, P.A., "Postnatal Consequences of Maternal Marijuana Use," pp 61-72 in T.M. Pinkert (ed), Current Research on the Consequences of Maternal Drug Abuse, Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse; Fried, P.A. and B. Watkinson, "12- and 24-Month Neurobehavioral Follow-Up of Children Prenatally Exposed to Marijuana, Cigarettes and Alcohol," Neurotoxicology and Teratology 10: 305-13 (1988)
48. Fried, P.A. and B. Watkinson, "36- and 48-Month Neurobehavioral Follow-Up of Children Prenatally Exposed to Marijuana, Cigarettes, and Alcohol," Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics11: 49-58 (1990).
49. Fried, P.A. et al, "A Follow-Up Study of Attentional Behavior in 6-Year-Old Children Exposed Prenatally to Marijuana, Cigarettes, and Alcohol," Neurotoxicology and Teratology 14: 299-311 (1992).
50. Day, N.L. et al, "Effect of Prenatal Marijuana Exposure on the Cognitive Development of Offspring at Age Three," Neurotoxicology and Teratology 16: 169-75 (1994).
51. Heath, B.C. et al, "Cannabis Sativa: Effects on Brain Function and Ultrastructure in Rhesus Monkeys," Biological Psychiatry 15:657 (1980).
52. Scallet, A.C., "Neurotoxicology of Cannabis and THC: A Review of Chronic Exposure Studies in Animals," Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 40:671-82 (1991).
53. Slikker, W. et al, "Behavioral, Neurochemical, and Neurohistological Effects of Chronic Marijuana Smoke Exposure in the Nonhuman Primate," pp 219-74 in L. Murphy and A. Bartke (eds), Marijuana/Cannabinoids Neurobiology and Neurophysiology, Boca Raton: CRC Press (1992).
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