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Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E, Habermeyer E, Hermle L, Steinmeyer AM, Kunert HJ, Sass H.
“Hallucinogenic drug induced states resemble acute endogenous psychoses: results of an empirical study”.
Eur Psychiatry. 1998;13:399-406.
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Abstract
Clinical evidence suggests that hallucinogenic drug-induced altered states of consciousness (ASCs)and the incipient, acute stages of endogenous psychoses share many common phenomenonolgoical features. The aim of our study was to assess hallucinogen-like phenomena in endogenous psychotic patients using standardized methods. We examined 93 endogenous psychotic patients, 50 healthy controls and a small group of drug induced psychotic patients (n = 7) with two ASC self-assessment scales (questionnaire = APZ, Abnormer Psychischer Zustand = Altered State of Consciousness ]Dittrich et al. 1985]: and questionnaire OAV =
Abbreviations:of the three subscales: Oceanic Boundlessness/Angst = Dread of Ego Dissolution/Visionary Restructuring [Bodmer 1989]). Patients were examined shortly after remission of their last acute psychotic episode and they answered the questionnaires referring to the early phase of this episode. Differences in the questionnaire scores were significant between psychotic patients and controls. Drug induced patients had numerically higher scores than endogenous psychotic patients, however these differences were only significant for the APZ total score and the undifferentiated items of the APZ, but not for the three APZ subscales and the OAV scores. More than 50% of the endogenous psychotic patients answered 26% of the APZ and 40% of the OAV items with "yes." The OAV total score and the OSE (Ozeanische Selbstentgrenzung = oceanic boundlessness) scores of both questionnaires correlated significantly with BPRS Factor 3 (thought disturbance). Our results support the hypothesis that hallucinogen-like experiences represent common phenomena during the acute stages of endogenous psychoses. Remarkably, these phenomena include subjectively pleasant experiences of the OSE dimension. In the routine clinical assessment of endogenous psychotic patients, experience of this dimension may be more easily overlooked than the negative experience experiences of the AIA dimension (Angst vor der Ich-Auflosung = dread of ego dissolution).
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